50 Most Important Questions and Answers for CHO Exam 2025 | Community Health Officer Preparation Guide

✅ General Public Health & Epidemiology

  1. WHO Definition of Health:
    A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease.

  2. Incidence:
    Number of new cases in a specific period.
    Prevalence: Total number of cases (new + existing).

  3. Herd Immunity:
    Resistance to the spread of contagious disease when a large part of the population is immune.

  4. Levels of Prevention:

    • Primary: Health promotion (e.g., vaccination)

    • Secondary: Early diagnosis (e.g., screening)

    • Tertiary: Disability limitation (e.g., rehab)

  5. Primary Health Care Components:

    • Health education

    • Nutrition

    • Water & sanitation

    • MCH care

    • Immunization

    • Control of endemic diseases

    • Treatment of common diseases

    • Essential drugs

  6. Isolation vs Quarantine:

    • Isolation: For infected persons

    • Quarantine: For exposed but asymptomatic individuals

  7. Iceberg Phenomenon:
    Visible clinical cases are just a small part; subclinical cases are hidden.

  8. Outbreak Investigation Steps:

    • Prepare

    • Confirm

    • Define case

    • Data collection

    • Hypothesis

    • Testing

    • Control measures

    • Communication

  9. Surveillance:
    Ongoing collection and analysis of health data.
    Types: Passive, Active, Sentinel

  10. ASHA's Role:
    Community mobilizer, health educator, and service provider under NRHM.

✅ Communicable Diseases

  1. TB Transmission:
    Airborne droplets from an infected person.

  2. Dengue Symptoms:
    High fever, rash, joint pain, retro-orbital pain.
    Prevention: No stagnant water, mosquito nets

  3. DOTS:
    Directly Observed Treatment Short-course for TB.

  4. Malaria Signs:
    Fever with chills, headache, vomiting.
    Treatment: ACT (Artemisinin-based combination therapy)

  5. Waterborne Diseases:
    Cholera, typhoid, hepatitis A, diarrhea.
    Prevention: Safe drinking water, hygiene

  6. UIP Vaccines:
    BCG, OPV, Pentavalent, Measles, Hepatitis B, etc.

  7. Cold Chain System:
    System to maintain vaccine potency from manufacturer to end user.

  8. Biomedical Waste Steps:
    Segregation → Collection → Storage → Transport → Treatment → Disposal

  9. STI/RTI Prevention:
    Condom use, health education, early treatment.

  10. HIV/AIDS High-risk Groups:
    Sex workers, IV drug users, MSM, transfusion recipients.

✅ Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)

  1. Hypertension/Diabetes Risk Factors:
    Obesity, stress, poor diet, inactivity, smoking.

  2. BMI Classification:
    Underweight: <18.5
    Normal: 18.5–24.9
    Overweight: 25–29.9
    Obese: ≥30

  3. CHO’s NCD Role:
    Screening, counseling, treatment follow-up, health education.

  4. Lifestyle Modifications:
    Diet, exercise, no smoking, moderate alcohol.

  5. NPCDCS:
    National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke.

✅ Maternal and Child Health (MCH)

  1. Antenatal Care Components:

    • Minimum 4 visits

    • TT injection

    • IFA tablets

    • Weight/BP check

  2. CHO Role in Institutional Delivery:
    Counseling, referral, monitoring high-risk cases.

  3. Janani Suraksha Yojana:
    Incentives to promote institutional delivery.

  4. Newborn Care Steps:
    Warmth, breastfeeding, cord care, infection prevention.

  5. IMNCI:
    Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness—focuses on child survival.

✅ National Health Programs & Policies

  1. Ayushman Bharat Aim:
    Universal Health Coverage through HWC and PM-JAY.

  2. Health and Wellness Centre Role:
    Delivering comprehensive primary healthcare services.

  3. HWC Services:

    • NCD care

    • Mental health

    • Family planning

    • Maternal care

    • Child health

  4. RMNCH+A:
    Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health.

  5. National Health Policy 2017 Goals:

    • Achieve Universal Health Coverage

    • Increase government health expenditure to 2.5% of GDP

✅ Environmental & Occupational Health

  1. Safe Water:
    Free from pathogens, chemicals.
    Test: H2S strip, coliform test

  2. Air Pollution Effects:
    Asthma, bronchitis, heart disease.

  3. Solid Waste Management:
    Segregation, collection, transport, disposal.

  4. Hand Hygiene Importance:
    Prevents infections, especially diarrheal and respiratory.

  5. Noise Pollution Effects:
    Hearing loss, sleep disturbance, stress.

✅ Reproductive Health & Family Planning

  1. Family Planning Methods:

    • Spacing: OCPs, condoms, IUCD

    • Permanent: Tubectomy, vasectomy

  2. IUCD Contraindications:
    PID, pregnancy, undiagnosed bleeding, distorted uterus.

  3. Emergency Contraception:
    Levonorgestrel pill within 72 hrs of unprotected sex.

  4. CHO in Adolescent Health:
    Counseling on nutrition, menstruation, hygiene, mental health.

✅ Health Education & Communication

  1. Health Education Principles:
    Interest, participation, motivation, feedback.

  2. Types of Communication:
    Verbal, non-verbal, visual aids, mass media.

  3. IEC & BCC:

    • IEC: Information, Education, Communication

    • BCC: Behavior Change Communication

✅ Miscellaneous & CHO Duties

  1. CHO in Community Diagnosis:
    Identify community health problems through survey/data.

  2. Referral Mechanisms:
    Primary → Secondary → Tertiary care.

  3. VHSNC Role:
    Local level health planning, sanitation monitoring, and community mobilization.


Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Clinical Pathology Notes || Various blood and bone marrow tests in assessment and monitoring of disease conditions || Hemoglobin || RBC, White cell & platelet counts || Bleeding time, clotting time and prothrombine time || Blood grouping and cross matching || Blood chemistry || Blood culture || Serological and immunoligical tests || Other blood tests - Examination of Bone marrow || Methods of collection of blood specimen for various clinical pathology, biochemistry, microbiology tests, inference and normal value

Image
Clinical Pathology  Various blood and bone marrow tests in assessment and monitoring of disease conditions Clinical pathology involves a variety of blood and bone marrow tests that are crucial for assessing and monitoring disease conditions. Here are some common tests: Blood Tests Complete Blood Count (CBC) : Measures red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin, and platelets to detect conditions like anemia, infections, and leukemia. Liver Function Tests (LFTs) : Assesses liver health by measuring enzymes and proteins produced by the liver. Urinalysis : Examines urine for glucose, proteins, pH levels, and infections to diagnose conditions like diabetes and kidney disease. Bone Marrow Tests Bone Marrow Aspiration/Biopsy : Involves taking a sample of bone marrow to examine blood cell production and diagnose conditions like leukemia, anemia, and infections. Flow Cytometry : Analyzes surface markers on cells to identify specific types of blood cells. Cytogenetics/Fluorescence In S...
Read more

The drugs of choice for some of the top most important diseases || Key Medications for Common Ailments || Critical Drugs and Dosages for Top Diseases || Drugs of Choice for Major Diseases

Image
The drugs of choice for some of the top most important diseases The specific drug and dosage can vary based on individual patient factors and clinical guidelines. Always consult a healthcare professional for personalized medical advice. Ischemic Heart Disease (Coronary Artery Disease) Aspirin : 81-325 mg daily for antiplatelet therapy Statins : Atorvastatin 10-80 mg daily for cholesterol management Beta-blockers : Metoprolol 25-100 mg twice daily for blood pressure control Stroke Anticoagulants : Warfarin (INR 2-3) for atrial fibrillation Antiplatelets : Clopidogrel 75 mg daily for secondary prevention Thrombolytics : Alteplase for acute ischemic stroke within 4.5 hours Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Bronchodilators : Albuterol 2 puffs every 4-6 hours as needed Inhaled corticosteroids : Fluticasone 100-250 mcg twice daily Combination inhalers : Fluticasone/salmeterol 250/50 mcg twice daily Diabetes Mellitus Metformin : 500-2000 mg daily for blood glucose control Sulfonylu...
Read more

Medical Instruments: Comprehensive Guide for Healthcare Professionals || Medical Instruments and Their Uses || Essential Medical Instrument Handbook

Image
The Definitive Guide to Medical Devices Medical instruments, also known as medical devices, are tools designed to diagnose, monitor, and treat diseases and medical conditions. They range from simple tools like thermometers to complex machines like MRI scanners. Here are descriptions of some commonly used medical instruments: 1. Stethoscope Function : Used to listen to internal sounds of the body, such as the heartbeat, lung sounds, and bowel sounds. Components : Consists of a diaphragm and bell connected to earpieces via a flexible tube. Usage : Essential for auscultation in physical examinations. 2. Blood Pressure Monitor (Sphygmomanometer) Function : Measures blood pressure. Components : Includes a cuff that inflates, a measuring unit (dial or digital screen), and a bulb or automated pump. Usage : Wrapped around the upper arm to gauge systolic and diastolic pressure. 3. Thermometer Function : Measures body temperature. Types : Mercury thermometers, digital thermometers, infrared ther...
Read more