Healthy Notes

50 High-Yield NORCET Questions – 2025 Update 1. Normal ICP (Intracranial Pressure) Range: 5–15 mmHg 💡 Above 20 mmHg = intracranial hypertension. 2. First Heart Sound (S1) Caused by: Closure of mitral & tricuspid valves. 💡 Marks beginning of systole. 3. Anti-D Immunoglobulin Given to: Rh-negative mother after Rh-positive delivery, miscarriage, or abortion. 💡 Prevents hemolytic disease of newborn. 4. Drug of Choice – Anaphylaxis Epinephrine 0.5 mg IM (1:1000) in mid-anterolateral thigh. 5. Dengue Warning Signs Abdominal pain, persistent vomiting, mucosal bleed, lethargy, rising hematocrit. 6. Insulin Type – Regular Insulin Onset: 30–60 min Peak: 2–4 h Duration: 5–8 h. 7. Pneumonia – Common Cause in Children (India) Streptococcus pneumoniae . 8. Chest Tube Drainage – Bubbling in Water Seal Indicates: Air leak in system or pleural space. 9. Preload vs Afterload Preload: Volume entering ventricles at end...

1) Hand Hygiene – “5 Moments” Q. According to WHO’s “5 Moments,” when is NOT one of the moments for hand hygiene? A. Before touching a patient B. After body fluid exposure risk C. Before putting on clean gloves for a non-patient task D. After touching patient surroundings Answer: C Why: The 5 moments are: before touching patient, before clean/aseptic procedure, after body fluid exposure risk, after touching patient, after touching patient surroundings. Gloving for a non-patient task isn’t one of the moments. Quick tip: Think BB-AAA → Before patient, Before asepsis; After fluids, After patient, After surroundings. 2) Biomedical Waste (India) Q. Used needles (sharps) are discarded in which container? A. Yellow B. Red C. White (translucent, puncture-proof) D. Blue Answer: C Why: India’s BMW rules: White—sharps , Red—contaminated recyclables (IV sets, tubing) , Yellow—soiled/anatomical , Blue—glassware/metal implants . 3) Adult CPR Basics Q. For an unresponsi...

  Modes of Ventilator: Complete Guide for Nurses and Paramedics Introduction Mechanical ventilation is a life-saving technique that provides respiratory support to patients who are unable to breathe adequately on their own. Ventilators deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide by generating positive pressure in the lungs. The mode of ventilation refers to how the ventilator assists the patient's breathing — specifically, how breaths are initiated, controlled, and cycled. Understanding ventilator modes is essential for nurses, respiratory therapists, paramedics, and critical care personnel. Basic Components of Ventilator Settings Before diving into ventilator modes, here are some key terms: Trigger : What initiates a breath — can be time (machine) or patient effort. Limit : The parameter that controls gas delivery (pressure or volume). Cycle : What ends the inspiratory phase (time, volume, or flow). PEEP (Positive End Expiratory Pressure) : Pressure maintained in ...

Bladder Washing (Bladder Irrigation) – Procedure, Indications, and Nursing Care Introduction Bladder washing (also called bladder irrigation or bladder lavage ) is a medical procedure used to clean the urinary bladder by flushing it with sterile fluid. It helps remove blood clots, mucus, debris, pus, or other unwanted materials from the bladder. It is commonly performed through a Foley catheter or a three-way urinary catheter in patients with urinary retention, post-surgical bleeding, or certain bladder infections. Purpose of Bladder Washing To remove blood clots , debris, or pus from the bladder. To prevent or relieve catheter blockage . To treat or prevent infection by flushing the bladder with antiseptic or antibiotic solutions. To maintain catheter patency in patients with continuous bladder drainage. To control bleeding in post-TURP (Transurethral Resection of Prostate) or bladder surgery patients. To collect samples for diagnostic testing (e.g., ...

Ryle's Tube Insertion: Step-by-Step Procedure, Purpose & Precautions Ryle's Tube Insertion (also known as Nasogastric Tube Insertion ) is a common yet critical clinical procedure used to access the stomach through the nose. It plays a vital role in patient care, especially in those who are unconscious, cannot swallow, or need gastric decompression or feeding. This article provides a detailed guide to the Ryle’s tube insertion procedure, including indications, preparation, insertion technique, verification, and post-care , all in a structured, nursing-friendly manner. 🔍 What is a Ryle’s Tube? A Ryle's tube is a thin, flexible plastic tube inserted through the nose (or mouth) into the stomach. Named after the British physician John Alfred Ryle , it is a type of nasogastric (NG) tube used primarily for: Enteral feeding Decompression of the gastrointestinal tract Gastric lavage Administration of medication Aspiration of stomach contents ✅ Indica...

Placenta Previa  Definition Placenta previa is a placental implantation abnormality in which the placenta is partially or completely implanted in the lower uterine segment , thereby covering the internal os of the cervix. Classification / Types Placenta previa is classified into four main types based on the degree of coverage of the cervical os: Type I (Minor): Low-Lying Placenta Placenta is implanted in the lower uterine segment but does not reach the internal os. Type II (Marginal) The lower edge of the placenta reaches the internal os but does not cover it. Type III (Partial) The placenta partially covers the internal os. Type IV (Major/Complete) The placenta completely covers the internal os. 🔴 Types III and IV are considered major placenta previa and are more likely to require cesarean delivery. Incidence Occurs in approximately 0.3–0.5% of all pregnancies . More common with: Multiparity Advanced maternal age (...

Oxytocin 🌸  📌 Introduction Oxytocin is a hormone and neuropeptide that plays an important role in reproduction , childbirth , and lactation . It is also known as the "love hormone" because of its role in social bonding and emotional connection. 🧠 Where is Oxytocin Produced? Produced by: Hypothalamus Stored and released by: Posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis) 🧬 Chemical Nature Oxytocin is a peptide hormone . It is made up of 9 amino acids (nonapeptide). 🎯 Main Functions of Oxytocin 1. Role in Labor (Childbirth) Stimulates uterine muscle contractions . Helps in dilation of the cervix during labor. Enhances rhythmic contractions for delivery of the baby. Positive feedback mechanism : More oxytocin = stronger contractions. 2. Milk Ejection Reflex (Let-down reflex) After birth, oxytocin helps in ejection of milk from mammary glands. When the baby suckles the nipple: Nerve signals go to the brain. Oxytocin i...